Grounding for the metaphysics of morals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Establishing for the power of ethics - Essay Example must be accomplished when people in a network demonstration in such a way, as they would anticipate that others should act towards them along these lines bringing about a free network with individuals filling their need. In such a network, every individual lives by a similar arrangement of decides that he applies to other people (the law is applied generally and there are no special cases). Thus, every individual goes about as the law and simultaneously coordinates agreeably with others to accomplish self-governance. This he called the realm of closures which has law as its proper requesting guideline. A straight out basic whereby any activity instructed ought to be done on the grounds that it is the proper thing and not on the grounds that the activity will be remunerated ought to be fused. Individuals from a network ought not be the subjects to the standard of law yet the legislators due to the general path by which they act. Any part can force on another part a law that they would force on themselves and not treat another as an unfortunate obligation rather as an equivalent element. Ethically, one is required to fit in with the standard of law openly to empower the network to act naturally controlling and empower the individuals to be free. Any activity that is unfair is considered

Network Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

System - Essay Example In this way, we use repeaters and centers (as appeared in Figure 1). Repeaters cradle the information flag and send the intensified adaptation of a similar sign to just the yield port. Centers are fundamentally telecasters (multiport repeaters). The sign is rehashed to all ports other than the information port. Ethernet is a common medium, along these lines, all hubs utilize a similar mode for transmission of information. At the point when two hubs send information at a similar moment, the information impacts and its legitimacy and honesty is undermined. Information must be sent once more. Despite the fact that Ethernet utilizes CSMA/CD (Tanenbaum 2003) for impact yet there are still deferrals. In this way, systems are intended to stay away from crashes while guaranteeing productive usage of data transfer capacity, giving great system throughput. In Figure 1, in the event that two hubs communicate simultaneously, crash happens. Center points/repeaters likewise limit the quantity of hubs that can be upheld (see Table 1 (Technick n.d.)). So organizes can't grow past a cutoff. As at once, the whole data transmission can be used by just a single hub, so the general throughput is constrained. For keeping away from impacts, the system traffic should be disconnected. So the large systems are isolated into littler sections. These sections are associated together through scaffolds and switches. Extensions and switches (spans with improvements) are straightforward astute gadgets that encourage development of LANs with the equivalent fundamental usefulness. They can associate a hub or a full Ethernet section (with its own arrangement of switches, centers and repeaters) of even extraordinary LAN innovations on every one of their ports (see Figure 2). They map the MAC delivers of hubs to each port. For every approaching casing the extension/switch checks the goal MAC address. On the off chance that the goal MAC lies on another port, at exactly that point it advances, else it channels the edge along these lines keeping it inside the section it originated from. The crash area is isolated. On the off chance that there is a crash in one fragment, the impact

Disrupt or Be Disrupted How to Disrupt Your Industry

Disrupt or Be Disrupted How to Disrupt Your Industry Disruption is one of the buzzwords often used in today’s business world. In the era of the start-up company, businesses must either go out and disrupt or prepare to be disrupted themselves. © Shutterstock.com | LightspringBut what does it mean to disrupt an industry? This guide will look at 1) the meaning of disruption and the biggest business examples of changing the market for good. You’ll also be able to read about 2) the four steps it takes to disrupt your industry and 3) a selection of ways you can do so.WHAT DOES IT MEAN TO ‘DISRUPT’ YOUR INDUSTRY?It is easy to think disrupting an industry simply means coming up with a new product or service in order to replace an old one. But creating products or services that are somehow better and cheaper doesn’t necessarily mean they are disruptive.Each business is essentially trying to come up with a new idea and a different way of doing things. But disruptive companies don’t just make new and innovative products or service, but they also add more value to the market and completely shake it. Disrupting an industry requires deep changes in the way the industry operates and always requires other companies to respond to this new way of doing business.One of the best descriptions of disruption came from a Harvard Business School professor, Clayton Christensen. In his book the Innovator’s Dilemma, he characterizes two different ways businesses can be disruptive:First, a business can disrupt by new market disruption, which means a disruptive product or service addresses a market that previously couldn’t be served.The second way to disrupt is by low-end disruption, which means the product or service is simpler, cheaper or more convenient alternative to what is already out there.In essence, disrupting an industry means challenging the status quo. Examples of disruptive businessesWith the above in mind, it isn’t any wonder to notice disruption is often used in the tech world. Many examples of truly disruptive businesses highlight the use of technology and how it has paved way for innovative ideas in traditional industries.Consider the example of Uber, for instance. The idea behind Uber seems sim ple and it can seem quite strange that a simple app could disrupt the whole industry. But the company has shaken the car-pooling industry upside down and caused quite a bit of stir in doing so.The idea behind Uber is simple: you offer customers a reliable and a cheaper way to move from one place to another when they don’t have a vehicle. It’s a taxi service, but rather more convenient, as well as cheaper to traditional taxi service.It has been able to challenge the status quo with clever software development and use, sufficient focus on logistics and adequate recruiting process. Yet, at the heart of it all is a very ancient and simple business idea.You can also see similar thinking behind the disruptive business idea from VideoBlocks. The stock footage industry was shaken to the core when the company entered the stage and paved the way for current subscription-based video streaming services such as Netflix.VideoBlocks started out by offering amateurs and professional filmmakers access to video clips and digital effects. It completely transformed the old thinking in the industry, which used to mean obtaining video footage was difficult and expensive.The company didn’t come up with a revolutionary product or a service. But it looked at the industry and found a way to make it easier for the customer to get their hands on video footage. Easing the access also meant it was able to lower the price.THE 4 STEPS TO TAKE TO DISRUPT YOUR INDUSTRYThere are further examples of businesses that were able to disrupt an industry. But all of the examples share very similar patterns and strategies. These can easily be used to find a way to disrupt any given industry.At this point, it is important to note disrupting an industry doesn’t necessarily mean the same as solving a problem. Indeed, no one had thought getting from A to B is somehow very difficult, but Uber still made tweaks and showed it can be done in an easier way. Therefore, instead of figuring out what the pro blem is you want to solve, your business needs to take a methodological attitude. The following four steps will help you look at your industry and find the ways to disrupt it.Define disruption and embrace your ideaFirst, you need to carefully look at your industry. You need to find the thing within the industry, segment or category you’d like to challenge and change. In most instances, the areas, which have remained the same for a long time, are the best for disruption.Therefore, you want to look at areas, which might not seem riddled with problems. Rather, you need to find the parts that no one has thought about could be changed.You’ll also need to carefully define disruption. As stated above, an innovative or cheaper product doesn’t necessarily equate to a disruptive business idea. You’ll need to be aiming for something that complete challenges your industry or a specific section within the industry.Overall, you shouldn’t be aiming for disruption for the sake of disrupti ng. You need to make sure you understand what you are disrupting for and who will benefit from it.At the early stage, you want to be brainstorming ideas. Don’t discard any idea until you’ve looked at it carefully and seen whether it can work and create the effect you want.As you come up with the idea for a new product or service, you need to follow the usual path of business plan development. You need to know how you are going forward with your idea and fully embrace it before you move forward.Learn to understand your customersOne of the most essential steps to take is all about understanding your customers better. You need to define your audience clearly, but you also need to understand what they want.Above all, you need to understand why your customers buy your products, if you already have an established business, or what you’d expect the reason to be with your new business venture. Focusing on the reason for using your product or service will reveal a great deal about the kind of customer you are dealing with. In fact, it doesn’t only reveal your customers’ needs, it also tells you more about the competition.You want to look at your industry through your customers’ eyes. Think what are the things that drive the customers to buy a certain product or service you are competing with. This provides you a better understanding of the things that work well and which make customers happy, as well the aspects that don’t work well.Furthermore, if you’ve worked in the industry for a long time, you might need to seek outside opinions. Finding the fresh perspective can often be hard when you know a little too much about the industry and the way it operates.Therefore, as well as discussing the ideas and problems with other people in the industry and the customers in your industry, a fresh perspective will be good. Talk to people who don’t know anything about the industry or use its products and services.Gather the resourcesYou’ll also need to put some thought into your resources. Disrupting the industry isn’t easy and you are often competing against companies that have plenty of resources at their disposal.If you are already an established business, your resources will be different compared to a situation where you are just setting up. Nonetheless, in most circumstances it is crucial to calculate what sorts of resources are needed to disrupt the industry.Interestingly, start-ups are often in an easier situation because the company’s resources will already be aimed toward disrupting the industry. You are setting up the business with the idea of disrupting, therefore your resources should all be geared toward a result.But it doesn’t mean established businesses wouldn’t be able to disrupt an industry. These companies just need to be careful in delegating the resources toward disruption. You don’t want to move away too many resources from the business, which already works.Overall, it is important for a business to find a b alance in running the established business successfully, while also delegating resources for innovation and development.Even if you break into the industry and disrupt it, you cannot start lying still. Businesses cannot afford to stop innovating at any point because there are always people out there ready to disrupt what you have achieved.Understand your limitationsFinally, it is crucial you also consider the limitations facing you. These could be obstacles in terms of finances or more to do with the industry. As part of your plan to disrupt the industry, you must think about the problems ahead of you.When you come up with an idea for disruption, you need to carefully analyse it and notice the pain points. Don’t get overexcited about your great product, but scrutinise it carefully to find the weak spots and the problem areas.You’ll also need to keep a clear head when it comes to presenting the idea to the world. Uber, for example, didn’t have the resources to take over the wor ld at once. Instead, it chose a single market area, got the product to work there, created the buzz and moved forward.Starting with a smaller disruption first can often be down to resources. As a start-up, you might not have the finances to roll out your new product or service around the country, let alone the world. But you might also find that servicing customers is easier when you start small.KEY WAYS TO DISRUPT THE INDUSTRYThe above steps will provide you a clear path to follow in your quest to disrupt your industry. You can use them for direction and guidance. Below you’ll find tangible ideas you can use to disrupt the industry.Eliminate your customer pain pointsThere isn’t a single perfect industry in the world. Customers always have certain pain points that don’t necessarily stop them buying or using the product, but which they, nonetheless, could do without. If you can find such a customer pain point and to solve it, you are most likely on your way to disrupt the indus try.As mentioned above, it’s a good idea to talk to your customers and to try experience the industry through their eyes. You need to remember that some pain points will be obvious whereas others might not be so striking.Big part of eliminating customer pain points deals with customer service. When you are coming up with your idea, make sure you keep customer service at the core of what you do. You can enrich the customer experience greatly, simply by making it easier for customers to get an answer to their problems or providing them with a sense of respect.Redefine market size or target marketDisrupting an industry requires big ideas and thinking outside the box. You shouldn’t be too scared of redefining the market size for your products and services.For example, the advertising industry used to be controlled by big corporations that were able to spend money on ad space. But Google opened up a completely new world by providing access to smaller companies as well, with affordabl e prices.Perhaps your industry has always targeted a specific set of customers and been happy with the revenue it generates. But is there room for a product or service that will expand this market and look at your core customers a little differently?Reduce complexityOne aspect of customer pain points often deals with complexity. We’ve all been faced with a new product,with instructions that make it impossible to get started. The ability to make a product or service straightforward is not as easy as it sounds, but it is the key to industry disruption.The more complex your industry is, the more opportunities you have to disrupt it with a clever product. By simplifying a product, you can gain immediate market advantage.Reducing complexity is not an easy task. Sometimes the ideas that look simple on paper don’t necessarily reduce customer pain points. It is a difficult way to disrupt the industry, while at the same time the most likely path for tremendous gains.Cut pricesOn the othe r hand, you don’t always need to go and reinvent the box. In order to disrupt an industry, it might be sufficient if you simply reinvent the price of the box. Cutting the cost of a product or a service can dramatically alter the industry and find you a completely new audience.Unlikely reducing complexity, cutting the prices can be a rather straightforward approach to disrupting the market. It isn’t to say cutting costs will be easy, but it can be much quicker than trying to completely change your industry with a new product.Keep in mind, cutting costs doesn’t mean an incremental change to the price. This will not lead to industry disruption. If you are aiming for disruption, you need to dramatically change the price point â€" often well above 70%.The technology boom has created plenty of opportunities for cutting prices. For example, different apps have been able to slash both customer pain points, as well as product and service prices in an instant.Smarten up the products and the processEverything is becoming smart these days â€" you got smartphones, smart-TVs and even cars are becoming smarter! The revolution of turning dumb things to smart can open many opportunities for disrupting a traditional industry.For example, you could have collars for dogs and cats, which let the owners know where the pet is or if they are making a mess at home when the owner is at work. On the other hand, you could create sport equipment that measures the speed, angle and force it was struck or swung, for example.There are tons of opportunities to make specific products smarter with little technological tweaks.Furthermore, the products and services themselves aren’t the only aspect you can smarten up. Perhaps you can simply smarten up the process of delivering the product or service to your customers. Finding a way to do things smarter during manufacturing can cut the retail price and clever shortcuts can ensure your customers enjoy the product quicker.NO EASY SECRETS TO D ISRUPTING YOUR INDUSTRYAs the above has shown disrupting an industry is by no means an easy task. Yet, it is possible and the rewards can be magnificent. If you just have the vision to look at your industry in a new light and find the ways to improve it and to change it, you can provide better service for customers and to grow your business.When it comes to disrupting the industry, the bolder claims you can come up with and the bigger problems you can solve, the impact of your ideas will also be deeper. Think your ideas through carefully and plan your business idea well.Above all, remember that you can either be the one showing the way in your industry or be the business that is always one step behind. Whether you like to disrupt an industry or not, you will need to confront it at some point.

Psychology Philosophy Of Psych - 2303 Words

Philosophy of Psych Introduction I clearly remember the day I decided I wanted to have a career in the field of psychology. I was a junior in high school, and I was sitting in my general psychology class. We were discussing the structure of the brain and what each region was responsible for. It was fascinating to me to learn about the different structures of the brain and how they directly relate to our behavior. I began to realize how powerful and influential the brain is, and how it can be utilized to explain numerous things, like behavior and emotion. It was during that class period that a switch flipped in my brain and I realized I wanted to pursue a career in the field of psychology. My teacher, Ms. Freeman, exposed me to the†¦show more content†¦Since becoming interested in psychology, I have found an outlet for my ability to empathize with people and help them solve problems. I have a nurturing personality, and I believe that working in the field of psychology as a counselor will allow m e to utilize my strengths. First Theoretical Perspective Cognitive psychology seeks to explain behavior through an understanding of how the mind works (Dowd, Clen, Arnold, 2010). It aims to discover internal mental mechanisms by examining why organisms feel the way they feel, behave the way they behave, and think the way they think (Delprato, 1995). As an aspiring counselor, one of the aspects I will need to consider when counseling a client is why they feel, think, or behave the way they do. Cognitive psychology can help me scientifically approach that question with knowledge of how the brain functions. Beginning leaders of the field include Renà © Descartes, Immanuel Kant, Sigmund Freud, and Jean Piaget. Many contemporary cognitive psychologists utilize a computer metaphor and the concept of â€Å"information processing† (Farah, 2000). I agree with the theoretical perspective of cognitive psychology because there is a factor to behavior that is unobservable. Behavior is causally related to a mental state or act, and those mental factors are viewed as the underlying factors that make behavior possible. Also, elements of the mind, like states and mechanisms, have operating characteristics. Understanding those

The Progressive Era Of American History - 1346 Words

The progressive era is one of the most researched times in American history due to the multiple social and economic movements that took place. When historians argue about progressivism, they are not just debating about events of a century ago, they are struggling to interpret the basic meaning of American democracy. The progressive era is a widely debated topic among many historians. It is known as a time period that consisted of economic, political, social, and moral reforms. In summary the progressive era consisted of businessmen seeking to prevent increased government regulation by supporting weak federal laws, women wanting equal rights such as the right to vote, religious gatherings trying to prohibit alcohol consumption, and high society optimists attempting to help the poorer classes. The reformists were a free union covering all levels of government that upheld political, monetary, and social changes. In the book Interpretations of American History, authors Kathryn Kish Sklar and Daniel T. Rodgers discuss their interpretation of the progressive movement. Ms. Sklar’s article is named â€Å"The Historical Foundations of Women’s Power in the Creation of the American Welfare State 1880-1920.† Mr. Rodgers article is called â€Å"from Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age [1998].† Sklar and Rodgers discuss their different views of the progressive era and what they believe were the causes, consequences, and meanings of events during the 1880s throughout the 1920s.Show MoreRelatedThe Progressive Era Of American History942 Words   |  4 PagesThe period that carved a spot in American history was referred to as the â€Å"Progressive Era† (1900-1920). It came about when both old and new concerns and problems about the lives of many Americans emerged. The Progressive Era reformers as well as the federal government were successful in altering certain problems in society but was limited by specific factors outs ide their circle. Trust-busting, consumer protection, and women suffrages are the major reforms that the reformers and federal governmentRead MoreThe Progressive Era And Its Impact On American History1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe Progressive Era was a period of broad and varied movement which changed American values and life styles by having everlasting impact on American History. Most of the people during the progressive eras, lives changed through. During the Progressive Era Women wanted the right to vote and work outside their homes. Workers wanted better wages, hours, and safe condition while they are working. Coming with people who had race, which means all people wo were not white, they wanted a freedom, place toRead MoreThe Progressive Era of American History Illustrated in the Novel, Ragtime 1063 Words   |  5 PagesThe turn of the century in America introduced new inventions, new lifestyles, and new cultures. This time was called the â€Å"progressive era†. The c ities were bustling and new amazements came every day. The storyline and the characters in the novel, Ragtime, represent the changes of this time period. From Emma Goldman, to mother, to Evelyn Nesbit, all people and their lives evolved in this period. Emma Goldman, an anarchist, fought for freedom in all aspects of life. Mother became the head of the familyRead MoreWomen During The Progressive Era987 Words   |  4 PagesWoman in the progressive era What is a woman’s role? Is it to be a housewife and take care of her husband and children? Or is it much more then that. Between the years 1897- 1917 the progressive era came of age. This era not only created rapid economic growth but also created a voice for woman. As woman began to have a voice they were ready to use it and make a change that would affect American history forever. The progressive era was an era of change. The great depression had just ended andRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s President Of The United States1546 Words   |  7 PagesRoosevelt’s New Deal encompassed many ideas that were expressed during the Progressive Era in the late nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries. Specifically, Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal policies in labor, economics, and protection of the people encompassed the fundamental ideas that were expressed in America during the Progressive Era. The National Recovery Administration reintroduced the ideas of the progressive era labor reforms. The National Recovery Administration sought to help peopleRead MoreLessons Learnt From the Great Depression and Progressive Era1386 Words   |  6 PagesLessons from the Great Depression Progressive Era Lessons from the Great Depression Progressive Era The Progressive Era in American history began slightly before the turn of the 20th century and continued into the second decade of the 20th century, ending around the beginning of World War I. The Great Depression of 20th century American occurred in 1929 and the more intense short-term effects lasted up and through World War II. The paper will scrutinize specific events of this period providingRead MoreReform in the United States813 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive and New Deal Eras are two of the most important and defining periods in American history. Through initiatives and reform passed during these times, America was changed politically, socially and economically. These changes affected all Americans in some way or another, but had significant impact on specific groups of American citizens. Whatever their impact, these eras jumpstarted and continued reform initiatives for our country that provided a model for tackling current issues inRead MoreThe Progressive Era1003 Word s   |  5 PagesThe Progressive Era Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies and so forth. During thisRead MoreWomen, African Americans And Literature1747 Words   |  7 PagesWomen, African-Americans Literature in the Progressive Era One of the greatest turning points in American history was the Progressive era due to the advancements and social responses led by women and people of color. Many depictions of this era through secondary sources can be used to see the conflicts faced by the individuals of the time period and the political movement that ensued right after. Many favorable outcomes resulted from this time period including the start of reformation from womenRead More The Progressive Era Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Progressivism in the United States took place in the period between the Spanish-American War and the entry of the United States into the great World War. It was a time for change in America in all walks of life, as well as a time for reform. It was marked by Theodore Roosevelts 7 and a half years in office, the Rough Rider put it upon himself to make the first strides towards reform. These reforms included the cracking down on illegal monopolies

Theories of Group Formation Free Essays

Theories of Group Formation Below is an explanation of the different models of group formation processes by Lewin, Tuckman, McGrath, and Gersick including the major features, steps, and characteristics. Tuckman (1965), stated these roles/processes are needed for group formation: Forming: Group members learn about each other, and the task at hand. Indicators of this stage might include: unclear objectives, confusion, and low morale. We will write a custom essay sample on Theories of Group Formation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Storming: As group members continue to work, they will engage each other in arguments about the structure of the group which often are significantly emotional and illustrate a struggle for status in the group. Lack of cohesion marks this phase. Norming: Group members establish implicit or explicit rules about how they will achieve their goal. They address the types of communication that will or will not help with the task. Indicators include: Questioning performance, Reviewing/clarify objective, Changing/confirming roles, Opening risky issues, Assertiveness, Listening, Testing new ground, Identifying strengths and weaknesses. Performing: Groups reach a conclusion and implement the conclusion. Indicators include: Creativity, Initiative, Flexibility, and Open relationships. McGrath (1991), stated these roles/processes are needed for group formation: Mode I: Inception and acceptance of a project (goal choice) Mode II: Technical problem solving – solution of technical issues (means choice) Mode III: Conflict resolution – resolution of political issues conflict (policy choice) Mode IV: Execution – the performance requirements of the project (goal attainment) Unfreezing – this phase involves overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing â€Å"mind set†. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. Change – typically a period of confusion and transition. One is aware that the old ways are being challenged but does not have a clear picture to replace them yet. Freezing – the new mindset is crystallizing and one’s comfort level is returning to previous levels. Phase 1 – behavioral patterns and assumptions through which a group approaches its project emerges in its first meeting, and the group stays with the framework through the first half of its life. Teams may show little visible progress during this time because members are unable to perceive a use for the information they are generating until they revise the initial framework. Midpoint – at calendar midpoints, groups experience transitions-paradigmatic shifts in their approaches of their work enabling them to capitalize on the gradual learning they have done and make significant advances. This is an opportunity for the group to alter the course of its life midstream. Phase 2 – this is a second period of inertial movement, and takes its direction from plans crystallized during the transition. At completion, when a team makes a final effort to satisfy outside expectations, it experiences the positive and negative consequences of past choices. I see many roles that leaders need to provide in the group development process. A leader needs understanding of critical theories about how people learn, an understanding of patterns of discrimination and inequalities, and the benefits and liabilities associated with individual groups. Along with the ability to articulate his/her own philosophy of education, and use it to empower others’ active participation in their own transformation. According to Katzenbach and Smith (2005), effective working groups need little time to shape their purpose, since the leader usually establishes it. Despite the fact that many leaders refer to group reporting to them as a team, few groups really are. Leaders, however, should make sure the team succeeds in identifying specific purposes and goals. If the leader of a group wants to improve performance overall, he/she needs to find a way of the group taking shared ownership for the results. It is likely that a shift from individual responsibility to shared responsibility can only be achieved if the pay and reward system has a significant element that is dependent on the overall outcome. The knowledge, skills and attitudes of the leader may also need to shift significantly to be effective in this new environment. For example, a leader may need to share all of the individuals’ results with the group. The group has the right to know how others are performing if their pay depends on it. This could be a challenging experience for a leader who has avoided the potential emotional stress that can be caused by this level of openness. Kozlowski and Bell (2003), stated that team training and leadership interventions have the potential to enhance team development, it is a process that generally unfolds naturally without intentional intervention. Thus the potential for improving team development and team effectiveness in many organizations is high. â€Å"However, team training and team leadership are key leverage points for enhancing the developmental process by intervening before or as teams are formed (team training) and as they proceed through the developmental rocess in the work setting (team leadership and coaching). † Kozlowski Bell (2003). The theory that appeals to me the most is Tuckman’s theory of group formation. I believe I feel this way because it is most familiar to me, and have gone through the formal stages of forming, norming, storming, and performing. I was also a participant in a class called â€Å"How best to form your team†. This class went over these ideals that Tuckman men tions. Refer ences Gersick, Connie J. G. (1988). Time and Transition in Work Teams: Toward a New Model of Group Development. Academy of Management Journal. Vol. 31, No. 1, 9-41. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database Katzenbach, Jon R. Smith, Douglas K. (2005). The Discipline of Teams. The Harvard Business Review. July-August, 2005. pp. 162-171. Kozlowski, S. (2006). Group development. Encyclopedia of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Retrieved from Sage e-References, Walden Library Kozlowski, S. W. J. , Bell, B. S. (2003). Work groups and teams in organizations. In W. C. Borman, ed. , D. R. Ilgen, ed. , R. J. Klimoski, ed. (Eds. ), ed. Handbook of psychology: Industrial and organizational psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 333-375). London: Wiley. Lewin, K. (1999). Experiments in social space. Reflections, 1(1), 7-13. Retrieved from Business Source Premier database McGrath, J. E. (1991). Time, interaction, and performance (TIP): A theory of groups. Small Group Research, 22(2), 147-174. Retrieved from SAGE Management and Organization Studies Full Text Collection Tuckman, B. (1965). Developmental sequence in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 63(6), 384-399. Retrieved from PsycARTICLES database How to cite Theories of Group Formation, Papers

Importance of Computer free essay sample

Science is one of the greatest blessings in modern life. Scientific advancement has led to many important inventions. One of them is the computer. About a decade back, a computer was seen as a wonder machine. A few years later, this wonderful machine came closer to us as the Personal Computer (PC) entered the household scene. The computer today plays a significant role in our everybodys life. Computers are used practically everywhere. The use of computer in our country in the past two decades has taken a big jump. Today computers do much more than simply compute, super market scanners calculate our grocery bill while keeping store inventory; computerised telephone switching centres play traffic cop to millions of calls and keep lines of communications untangled, and Automatic Teller Machines (ATM) let us conduct banking transactions from virtually anywhere in the world. The extensive use of computers in all fields of business has improved efficiency of the industry and the economy of the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Importance of Computer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Computers have the capacity to do extremely complicated work in all branches of learning. Computers can be effectively used in solving the most difficult and complex mathematical problems. The other use of computers can be in compilation of information. Thus there will be a saving of time in research works. Computers can provide information to prevent traffic accidents. They can do such works which make the worker dull to repeat a process hundred times or more. Automation of work through computer will save the time and energy of human life. Thus human beings will get more leisure than they have today. Computer is the result of human mind exercises. It is a machine. It can help in any physical action. It can be used in progressing a physical work. It cannot think independently. We have to feed it before taking any mental work. We can find the answers based and limited to feeding material. First, we have to feed for a particular field to find some answers related to that field, we cannot find an answer from a vacuum because there is no ndependent feeling and thinking to answer without any base. Computers will never be able to replace man as they need detailed instructions from man and can never lead independent lives. In the Armed Forces computers are being widely used for collecting complex data for the aircrafts, missile and guns. The radar system is controlled with complex computers to give early warnings of coming enemy unit. Computers are also being widely used in mass communication and medical science. Today the police have started storing data on crimes and criminals on computers. Computers now have become a need of the day, in modern life. They are being used in every field of work. Due to importance of computer, its knowledge has been thought an essential qualification for a job. No doubt computers are capable of doing everything, but it is falling short of thinking. This is still only reserved form of man. So here computers are only machines; it cannot compete with man though they have overcome him in many ways

Euthanasia Essays (504 words) - Euthanasia, Medical Ethics

Euthanasia Recent debates over active euthanasia, "killing" a terminally ill patient, in Holland, has risen the question whether euthanasia is immoral or a simple human right. Doctors seem to have no doubt. They made an oath. The definition of Euthanasia depends on whether it is active or passive. Active Euthanasia i only allowed in Holland, and it means that the doctor takes direct measures to put a patient to sleep, whereas passive Euthanasia only involves stopping pill consumption, or stopping treatment. In England, only passive Euthanasia is allowed. Euthanasia touches some of the deepest feelings in human beings. It is the power over life and death, and responsibilities no one wishes to take, have to be taken. This, of cause, leads to the ultimatum, that it is the patients own choice. But can we allow some one to take their own lives? Doesn't this mean that everyone else around the patient have failed, that more could have been done? From the patients point of view, a lot of arguments talk in favor of euthanasia. For one, no body wants to be a burden. If a person has had a car accident which paralyses him from neck and down, and is doomed to sit in a wheelchair for the rest of his life, he knows that he will be 100% dependant on the ones that care for him, his lived ones, forever. It can also be mentioned that the life quality of a terminally ill patient, gets reduced a lot. Never being able to walk again, never being able to talk to your children again, never being able to go shopping, swimming, playing, driving etc. must be te rrible for anyone. The whole situation only gets worse, if the patient himself, can see that his condition is worsening, and only time keeps his thoughts clear. A third very important point, is pain. If people see a deer, which had been hit by a car, and is in terrible pain, they will kill it, out of pitty. Why shouldn't the same be allowed with humans, if pain reaches a level, where it is unbearable? For these people, who do not have the choice of active euthanasia, self-starvation is the only choice. The doctors view on euthanasia, seems to be overall different. First of all, they have taken their wove, always to assist patients in prolonging their lives, and Euthanasia completely contradicts this. Their approach is "Where there is life, there is hope", so even a person, who has 20 tubes stuck in them, feeding them, breathing for them, there is still life, and who knows? Maybe the future will bring the cure? Euthanasia does mean "Good death", but there can still be no conclusion to a question, whether Euthanasia should be accepted or not. Psychologists, philosophers, doctors and everybody else, will consider this question for all time. My opinion is, that anyone who is terminally ill, should have the choice, but to all rules there are exceptions, and to something as serious as this, there shouldn't be.

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People

A Google Executive Shares Her Best Advice for Young People Ivy Ross is a tech executive heading up Google’s top-secret wearables division, but she didn’t follow what you might consider a traditional path to get there. She’s been a jewelry designer, with her work appearing in some of the world’s best museums, and she has worked at multiple companies- including both Mattel and Gap Inc.  When she gave a recent Commencement Address at FIT (the Fashion Institute of Technology), Ross explained how it was because of and not in spite of her unorthodox career path that she gained the success and fulfillment she currently enjoys.Here is her best advice for young people  just starting out.Ignore Your EgoAfter Ross’s jewelry designs hit their 12th  major museum and she’d won the De Beers Diamonds International Award, Ross realized her heart just wasn’t in it like it used to be. She’d worked so hard to achieve the kind of recognition she was receiving, but now that she’d attained the hi ghest heights- accomplishments any designer would spend an entire lifetime working towards- she had nowhere else to push herself.Having her ego’s biggest desires met helped Ross to let go of those desires to try and see what other desires lay beneath them. And she found she gained a lot more satisfaction turning her talents to team work and the joy of creating things collaboratively with others.Stop Planning Too Far OutPlans are always necessary in some form or another. But the ubiquitous 5-year plan that everyone insists upon? Ross says ditch it. Could she possibly have predicted 5 years ago, for example, that she’d be spearheading a secret Google project? Of course not. Would she have been too restricted to try had she laid out a stringent 5-year plan in another field? Probably not- and that’s her point.Ross thinks 5-year plans are the way of the past, particularly given the rapid pace at which industries and technologies are changing and how often new opportu nities present themselves. Staying open to different possibilities is difficult, but doing so can shape the most rewarding careers.Appreciate the  Here and NowRoss maintains that following the â€Å"ideal career path† won’t necessarily get you where you want to go. Don’t  take jobs with the question, â€Å"Where will this get me?† in mind. Try asking instead, â€Å"What can I learn here?† or â€Å"Can I do what I do best in this environment?†Take your eye off the end game and ignore the destination. Figure out who you are an what you’re good at, and just follow your heart.

The Power of Unions in the U.S. Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Power of Unions in the U.S. Today - Essay Example Both the organizations play a significant role promoting legislation and policies favorable to workers in US and Canada. When federal and state laws are applicable to public sector unions, National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) regulates private sector unions. While analyzing the labor history of the United States, it is clear that labor unions have played an inevitable role in improving the wages and working conditions of labors. Today labor unions have some political powers and influences to force the government to form and amend labor laws to enhance the welfare of US workers. As Greenhouse points out, union workers earned median weekly income of $943 in 2012 whereas this income was only $742 in case of nonunion workers. According to a federal government evaluation on the pay scale in the country (as reported in Schultz and Schultz), it was identified that members of labor unions earn up to 33% more income than nonunion members. In addition, employees in a labor union enjoy more job security, high quality work environment, and other benefits than their nonunion counterparts (271-272). Although labor unions have been assisting employees to enjoy better wages, working conditions, and other benefits for decades, studies and reports indicate that the power of unions in the US is declining. While analyzing the statistical data on the union membership, it seems that today American unions have only a fraction of the influence they had a few decades ago. To illustrate, as Leves reports in CNN, nearly 20% workers were union members in 1983 and currently it has been dropped to 12%. This decline has been worse in the private sector where union membership fell from 17% in 1983 to only 7% today. The annual summary of the unionization in the United States published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics also comes up with the similar claims. According to this report (as cited in Warner), the union membership of wage and salary

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity Essay

How does communicaton influence ones sense of identity - Essay Example Therefore communication and ones sense of identity are two interrelated concepts. People can’t live without communication with each other, it is impossible not to talk to other people, not to share information. A sense of identity is a certain filter that helps to structure and organize information and communicative strategies relevant to an individual: â€Å"The concepts and information relevant to the self also have an instrumental influence on decisions to pursue particular goals† (Sense of Identity). In its turn, communication is a certain measurement of individual’s sense of identity. Individuals’ sense of identity varies; therefore it is natural that every performer of a certain social role communicates in a different manner. For example, self-assured individuals are more direct and energetic communicants. Uncertain individuals are more tolerant or even passive communicants in comparison with the active communicants mentioned above. This observation can be explained in the following way: the society imposes its social roles on individuals; social stereotypes make every individual to perceive another with regard to the social role he plays. Consequently, a process of communication reflects the way individuals perceive themselves (i.e. their sense of identity), the way individuals perceive each other: in the process of communication â€Å"we learn how others see us, and we internalize many views of the world and of who we are and should be† (Communication and personal identity). Nevertheless, there are basic principles of successful communication. These are: attentive and valuable attention paid to an interlocutor; respect, courtesy and patience. Basically, if to comply with these basic principles, then sense of identity of every interlocutor won’t decrease. Vice versa, in the process of a favorable communication the assessment of self-identity of any communicator is increased (Communication and personal identity). The easiest way to trace the connection between self-identity and communication is to consider it in practice. The clearest example is daily communication with our family members. The opinion of the closest relatives, of our beloved people influence the way we consider ourselves. This communication takes place from the first days of our life and forms our first identity, so it is very important and essential. In the paradigm of the following concepts we’ll consider this interrelation: direct definition, identity scripts and attachment styles. Direct definition is the way our family members ‘label’ us (little boy, a big girl etc). Parents’ gender roles are usually transferred to their children. Thus, what children value in future depends on values imposed on them by their parents in their childhood. Identity scripts are â€Å"rules for how we are supposed to live and who we are supposed to be† (Communication and personal identity). Family values and heritage are reflected in identity scripts. They are transferred to children in the process of communication and thus a sense of identity is pre-shaped in identity scripts. The last concept is attachment styles. This concept implies the way parents impose on us how to treat and relate to others. Generally, a child develops a sense of a positive sense of self-worth (Communication and personal identity). Therefore communication and sense of identity are two related concepts. Communication represents a certain measurement of

Coca Cola New Product Analysis

Coca Cola New Product Analysis The Coca-Cola Companys core undertaking is to benefit and refresh everyone it reaches. Founded in 1886, we are the worlds leading manufacturer, marketer, and distributor of non-alcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups, which are used to produce nearly 400 beverage brands that make up for our wide portfolio. Our corporate headquarters are established in Atlanta, and we are holding local operations in over 200 countries around the world. Our activities cover all sectors of the beverage industry. We are the second leading player in functional and Asian specialty drinks, while ranking number one in value for the ready-to-drink tea sector (ref.1, p.1). description of the new product, strategic role in the future position of the company Bubble Buzz will be a bottled beverage and will be positioned as the only ready-to-drink Bubble Tea product available on the market. The beverage will have a green tea base with enhanced fruit flavors (passion fruit, strawberry and lime) as well as tapioca pearls. It will bring an entirely unique drinking experience to its consumers. It will present itself as a funky and unusual alternative to traditional tea while providing the great taste of authentic fruit juice in an attractive and convenient packaging. The strategic role of Bubble Buzz for The Coca-Cola Company is centered around three objectives: To stay at the forefront as the market leader in innovative product introductions and successful product launches; To strengthen and satisfy the needs of the more adventurous Generation Y consumers with a new eye-catching and functional product. To become the market leader in the functional drinks segment with increased market shares. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Consumption: The sales volume for the functional drinks segment (ref. D2) in UK has reached $342.2 millions in 2004 for a volume of 125.9 million liters (ref.2). This product segment has shown a steady growth since 1999: an increase of 13.5% over a period of 6 years (Appendix A). The consumption rate per capita in 2004 has reached 3.94 liters, which represents a 4.0% increase compared to 1999 .The growth of this particular market is largely due to a slow shift in consumer trends. Trends: Through the early 1960s, soft drinks were synonymous with colas in the mind of consumers. In the 1980s and 1990s, however, other beverages (from bottled water to tea) became more popular. Coca-Cola and Pepsi responded by expanding their offerings through alliances (e.g. Coke Nestea) and acquisitions (e.g. Coke Minute Maid), but also by focusing efforts on portfolio diversification. Today, while the soft drink industrys value has increased in 2004, the volume sales of carbonated soft drinks has declined due to a large proportion of consumers who are opting for the trend towards healthier alternatives in the functional drink segment (energy drinks, smoothies, milk juice drinks, sports drinks) as well as bottled juices and water .Companies have been actively engaged in new product developments in order to counter the growing concerns about negative health impacts of high-fructose drinks, but also to increase the demand in a market where product offerings are quickly maturing .New flavor introductions and health-conscious formulations have been launched in an attempt to offset the decline in carbonated soft drink sales .The functional market is expected to show sustained growth and consumer interest in the future years as cons umption shifts to trendier, healthier and more sophisticated products . SWOT ANALYSIS (Strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats) Strengths Brand strength Effective stride in new markets Results of operations Strong existing distribution channels Weaknesses Reliant upon line extensions Reliant upon particular carbonated drinks Brand dilution Entrance into difficult non-core categories Saturation of carbonated soft drink segment Opportunities New product introductions Brand is attractive to global partners Strong competition Threats Potential health issues Free trade STRENGTHS Brand strength The Coca-Cola Company is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups in the world. The Coca-Cola brand is unarguably one of the most recognizable brands in the 200 countries where it sells its products. The strong brand name is one of the basis for the companys competitive advantage on several of its core markets. Effective strides in new markets Coca-Cola has partnered with several companies (such as the joint venture with Nestlà ©) in order to increase the ability to react to demands and changes in the markets of iced tea, coffee and juices. The developing markets are more complex than the carbonated soft drinks. Results of operations In 2004, net-operating revenues totaled approximately $21.9 billion, an 8% increase from 2002. Gross profit totaled $14.3 billion in 2004. The company generated $5,968 million from its operating activities and re-invests heavily into its business. The ability to generate significant cash flows is one of the its key strengths (ref.16). Strong existing distribution channels Coca-Cola has operations worldwide and is well established in its distribution channels (such as store retailers or vending machines). Therefore, a new product launch can typically rely on the existing distribution system in order to reach the majority of its target market while requiring no major supply / delivery developments. WEAKNESSES Relying upon line extensions Coca-Cola is relying on brand extensions increase sales in specific lines, particularly its long-time carbonated soft drink products (i.e. the introduction of Vanilla Coke helped maintain sales for the core Cola beverages). However, there is a strong risk of cannibalizing existing sales in the long term (for example, Bubble Tea might deter on sales for iced tea). Reliant upon particular carbonated drinks The long-time presence of Coca-Colas Coke beverage has established this particular line as a flagship product. While the core Coke products bring a solid base of sales and loyalty to the company, consumers expectations also become more and more anchored and single-lined, taking away freedom in the areas of line diversification and product modifications (taste, packaging, price). Brand dilution The tremendous amount of existing brands and new product being introduced by the company could diminish the value and differentiating strength of each product that is being manufactured. Entrance into difficult non-core categories The Coca-Cola Company is a truly global multinational business giant. While some categories of products are distributed in many areas of the globe (Coke, Powerade, etc.), geographical needs already require that these global brands are heavily adapted to their target region. Furthermore, many smaller and diversified product lines are more or less popular in one particular region over another. Therefore, the process of diversifying the production and marketing each product involves costly investments. These capital requirements typically increase as the product becomes heavily focused (for example, since the Coca-Cola brand is highly recognizable worldwide, marketing a bottle of Coke in Japan would be less difficult than marketing a bottle of Qoo in that same country Qoo being a lesser-known non-carbonated drink which was one of Coca-Colas newest brand introduction in 1999). Saturation of carbonated soft drink segment Due to the countless number of brands available on the market, it becomes increasingly difficult in the soft drinks segment to innovate and create new products that genuinely stand out from their competition. And as we have seen, an analysis of the industry has shown that growth in the soft drinks market becomes difficult and challenging when the conditions and consumer trends cause a market demand that stays stagnant. OPPORTUNITIES New product introductions The functional drinks market is one that particularly allows more innovation opportunities and gives greater freedom for creativity in the design, production, manufacturing, distribution, promotion and retailing choices and processes. Brand is attractive to global partners Because of the companys size (including value, brand name and operating revenues) and wide portfolio base, Coca-Cola enjoys a strong purchasing power over its suppliers, and also attracts large partnerships with various levels of consumer reach (e.g. Burger King, movie studio promotions, sponsorship agreements, etc.). Existing brand awareness also provides an international playing field for powerful marketing strategies. THREATS Strong competition Coca-Cola is competing in a global market that is characterized by an oligopoly between several (but few in numbers) competitors. The fight for market shares and sales in crowded markets becomes a complex one. Potential health issues The current trend of consumer and consumers groups awareness towards goods and services is both beneficial and threatening for companies in the food and beverages industry. Over the last few years, concerns over health issues have risen in the media through an expanded and ever-growing network of knowledge outputs (journals, TV channels, internet and so on). The move of the younger generation towards a healthier lifestyle call for careful planning and decision-making in new product developments. Large companies can also easily become the target of consumers apprehension. Free trade In an era of globalization, large international competitors can come out with comparative advantages (the constant fight to remain the first mover and market leader in a long-term spectrum). Issues arise when dealing with price competition and economic growth. Trade organizations are also faced with public pressure which can disrupt operations in one or more areas of the company. TARGET MARKET Segment identification: RTD (Ready-to-drink) bottled Bubble Tea, to be established within the Functional Drinks sector Segment needs: The product will cater to both physiological needs (hydrating and nutritional value) and social needs (perception of a social, fun drink with a sense of belonging within peer consumer groups) (ref.11, p.127). Segment trends: The current trends include a shift away from junk foods and carbonated drinks, a growing interest for healthier / beneficial products for the mind and body (ref. 10), the trend towards the availability of on-the-go products for those with an active lifestyle, as well as the trend for personalization through customization (or for beverages, through variety-seeking in a wide introduction of flavours ref.6). Segment growth potential: Statistical reports anticipate a segment growth of 1.72% over the next 9 years (2015) for the 10-29 years old subsets (ref.12). Refer to Appendix E. Size of the segment (population): 8,688,300 (329,600 L). Refer to Appendix E. Positioning strategy: The only RTD bottled bubble tea available. Funky eye-catching bottle, functional packaging, premium-priced, cool, new and unusual, unique drinking experience, aspects of play (tapioca pearls, oversized colored straw), variety of flavors, sweet, refreshing, for hip young people, healthier alternative to heavy-sugar drinks. The objectives of the marketing plan are strategically centered around 3 criteria: to create a strong consumer awareness towards a completely new bubble tea product from Coca-Cola, to establish a wide brand recognition through the capture of market shares in the functional drinks segment, and to become the top market leader in that particular segment within the forecasted sales figures. PRODUCT STRATEGY The core Bubble Tea beverage in a pre-bottled, ready-to-drink format. The actual product Packaging and labeling: see figure below Branding: colorful, aspect of play, round shaped, prominent Bubble Buzz logo written in modern font, catchphrases such as Think outside the Bubble and Get Your Buzz. Trade name: Bubble Buzzà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢, a Coca-Cola product Brand personality: energy, funky, cool, functional, original, funny, healthy, etc. Brand equity: Coca-Cola provides a quality, consistent, innovative and accessible soft drink reputation. Augmented product Nutritional information, Status (social drink), Features promoting the website, Health benefit of a green tea base (ref.17) Marketing considerations Product life cycle: Bubble Buzz is a low-learning product. With a strong marketing campaign, sales [will] begin immediately and the benefits of the purchase are readily understood (ref.11, p.301). Since Bubble Buzz is prone to product imitation, Coca-Colas strategy is to broaden distribution quickly, which is currently feasible thanks to the companys high manufacturing capacity. Product class: Food beverage à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Soft Drinks à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   Functional Drinks (refer to Appendix D2 for a break-down of the functional drinks market). Bubble Buzz follows the practice of product modification (ref.11, p.304): Coca-Cola is introducing an existing beverage (bubble tea) but redefines the drink with a new, more convenient package. Bubble Tea will now become a widely available drink in multiple retailing (distribution) channels. PRICE STRATEGY The price strategy that will be undertaken should consider the following aspects: Consumer demand The product lifecycle Potential substitutes Customer demand Customer demand is a crucial factor which is driven by tastes, income and availability of others similar products at a different price (mentioned later in the potential substitutes section). For a lot of consumers, value and price are highly related: the higher the price, the higher the value. Consequently, Coca-Colas intention to position Bubble Buzz as a unique, innovative and attractive product gives it a certain control over Bubble Buzz price. To be able to implement higher pricing though, the minimization of the non-monetary costs to customers should also be include along with awareness of the product (notably by advertising) and value (benefits) . The product lifecycle The company should take advantage also to the fact that the newer the product and the earlier in its lifecycle the higher the price can usually be. It ensures a high profit margin as the early adopters buy the product and the firm seeks to recoup development costs quickly and it also brings a certain prestige to the product. Potential substitutes Coca-Cola is constrained by the monopolistic market in which it competes. The main characteristic however is product differentiation. Other constraints (See Appendix M) PROMOTION STRATEGY Objectives: To initiate strong awareness about the launch of Bubble Buzz throughout Generation Y (10-29 years old) consumers as well as their parents. To win market shares over our top functional drinks competitor, PepsiCo. Message: The promotional outputs will convey the clear message that Bubble Buzz is a healthy drink for sporty and young people who simply enjoy taking care of their body and life. Concepts: Think outside the bubble: Be Bold, Be Original, Be Different, Be Yourself. A good spirit in a good body. For the out-of-the-ordinary individuals who like to challenge themselves. Media selection: Before choosing the appropriate medias, it is important to note that Generation Y consumers only give partial attention to media. However, they can be reached through integrated programs. They are typically using more than one communication media at a time; a behaviour that is often called multitasking. This group of consumers doesnt give its full attention to one single message, but rather uses continuous partial attention to scan the media. Marketers can still communicate with Generation Y by using a variety of targeted promotional tools. Another important tactic to reach our target market is through Viral or Buzz marketing, which Coca-Cola will heavily use in this campaign (campus, contests). Advertising: Refer to APPENDIX H for detailed explanations Output Examples Television MTV, Much Music, VrakTV, YTV Radio MIX96, CKOI 96.9, 94.7 FM, Universities Magazines For girls: Cosmo, Elle For boys: Sports Illustrated (or Kids edition) Internet Banners on select websites (gaming, sports, etc.) Official promotional website: www.BubbleBuzz.ca Outdoors Billboards and prints in select areas including: Campuses, transportation (bus, metro, stations) Tourist areas in high seasonal periods Outskirts of key cities in geographical reach Others Not relevant Personal selling Direct contact with retailers, sales kit strategies to be explained later in the text. Public relations Stands or special displays and events in schools, malls, sports events (i.e. 2008 Beijing Summer Olympic Games), sponsorship activities Publicity Conferences, press releases (print and online), buzz marketing through TV coverage Promotional Mix: Consumer oriented: Contests: Win another Bubble Buzz flavour, Uncover a secret code underneath the bottle cap and win sporting goods and electronics by logging on the website, Win a trip for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. (Arguments: It will increase consumer purchases and encourage consumer involvement with the product). Samples: distributed in supermarkets, school/universities. Samples are a way to avoid product resistance since people are not used to find bubbles in their drinks. Arguments: It will encourage new product purchases and it represents low risk for consumers since they get it for free. They have nothing to loose by trying it. Point-of-purchase: in supermarkets (to reach the parents of generation Y). Arguments: It is also a mean to increase product trial and provides a good product visibility. Others: In subsequent years, engage in product placement in TV shows or movies. Trade oriented: Allowances and discounts: case allowance (Arguments: The free goods approach will be used so it can encourage retailers to buy more of the product to get a certain amount for free). Cooperative advertising: to encourage retailers to buy our product and to maintain our high level of advertisement that consumers expect from Coca-Cola. Other considerations: Scheduling of the advertising: Pulse scheduling (promotional presence year-round, but emphasized and intensified before and during summer). IMC (integrated marketing communication) Target Audience: Intermediary: personal selling will be more often used Ultimate consumer: Coca-Cola will use more of mass media because the amount of potential buyers is large. PLACE (DISTRIBUTION STRATEGY) Bubble Buzz will be distributed through these channels: supermarkets, convenience stores, independent food stores, discount stores, multiple grocers, vending machines, direct sales. China is the target country were going to expand our product. Reasons: With a total population of 1,313,015,000 in the end of 2005 and 327,714,000 in our target market (age 10 to 25 years old), compared with the total population of Canada304,453 million, there definitely is a great potential worth to work on. absolute expenditure on food and non-alcoholic beverages is expected to increase from 1,777 billion in 2005 to 2,154 billion in 2010 (though the proportion of consumer expenditure on this part is decreasing from 28.39% to 25.75% ) Soft drinks industry is one of the fast growing industries in China, especially fruit/vegetable juice, RTD tea, and Asian speciality drinks and bottled water have shown a sharp increase during 1998 to 2003. Bubble tea was originated in Taiwan. Soon after its introduction in China, it became one of the most popular beverages sold in tea stores on the streets due to the similar taste and similar cultural background. So, it is a good chance for us to enter into this market. Since we are the top sponsor for the upcoming Beijing Olympic in 2008. With more opportunities to expose to the public, it is going to benefit our sale there. Our entry-strategy for entering China is through licensing. Reasons: We have already provided licenses for manufacturing our products in China (licensing the bottlers and supply them with our syrup required for producing). Therefore, added in one or two more products in our production chain would not be that difficult. It is relatively low risk when compared with direct investment there. It is low cost to export our new products there since we can maintain lower labour cost and lower material cost if we produce our products locally, especially in China. Changes to be made: Price: Price sold in China is going to change to accommodate the local desire. As we set our price sold in Canada $2.00. Compared to the price sold in the bubble tea store ($ 3.50), it is about 57.14%. So, with the information we gathered from the tea store in China  [1]  , the price sold there would be 57.14% of what sold in the tea store$12 Yuen in China currency. Then, it would be around $7 Yuen, about CAD$1  [2]  . Naming the product: In order to be recognized and accepted more easily for the local market, we need not only translate our product name but also make sure theres not hidden unintended meaning that would damage our product. Develop other flavours that would attract the local market: Since milk based bubble tea sell better in China, we will add in this product line. Also, we will avoid using too many artificial colors as they are not appreciated as much as in Canada. Moreover, people in China are becoming more and more health concerned, especially the amount of sugar and additives added in the drinks. We will make some changes in the ingredients used to appeal the local market, i.e. less sugary drinks. Promotion: In contrast to the radio ads in Canada, we will use more TV and Web advertisement there due to the highly exposed environment in China. Also, we will put more emphasis on the ads on the public transportation such as underground/subway system and bus service due to the more frequent use of the public transport service there. Also, since the outdoor display screen is quite popular in big cities, we will also take advantage of it

How does Shaw introduce his ideas about society and language in the first two acts of Pygmalion?

From the first two acts of Pygmalion, Bernard Shaw has already begun to develop society and language using a number of different techniques and aspects. In the first act the audience is introduced to three main social classes all brought together by the weather. We see their stereotyped judgements, their attitudes and prejudices against each other. It is Higgins belief that men trying to climb the social ladder will â€Å"give themselves away every time they open their mouths† (Act 1). Shaw also uses accent, revealing society's bias that accent is the key to social status. This is already apparent through the proleptic irony of Liza, and the status of those around her. Humour is used to show how different the characters' situations are. Each class has at least one character that is humorous, but all their wit and comedy originates from different sources, for example Liza and her need for money. The first two acts of Pygmalion show great insight into the well-rounded representatives, which will come together and make Shaw's image of society. Shaw commences by exploring the different social classes. All classes have been unexpectedly gathered under a shelter from the rain and bustling streets of London. There are three main types. The upper class consisting of Higgins and Pickering, the servants consisting of Mrs Pearce, and the lower class consisting of the Dolittles. The assortment of social classes have little respect of each other, but are together cautiously civil. However Higgins disrupts the peace by commenting that a woman who talks with a cockney accent has â€Å"no right to live† (Act 1). He sees no harm in expressing his extreme prejudices, widening the gap between the social classes. This prejudice is seen in act two when Higgins describes the current stranger, Alfred Dolittle, as a â€Å"blackguard. † He makes the assumption that Dolittle is an uncivil, unpleasant human being simply because he is Liza's father and therefore the same class. Even Pickering assumes they will â€Å"have trouble with him†(Act 2). This is a rare example in the first two acts of Pickering sharing the same prejudices as Higgins. In act two Pickering urges take â€Å"no advantage† of Liza's position. Shaw avoids using stereotypes. He portrays Higgins as a man who goes in the opposite direction to the rest of society in most matters. He would take the chance of trying to turn Liza into â€Å"the Queen of Sheba† (Act 1). He is impatient with high society, forgetful of his public graces, and poorly considerable of normal social niceties. Along with believing he alone has the ability to change a persons direction in life. Shaw also represents the differences between the social classes in the characters of Liza and Clara, the daughter. Clara is a weak, fragile character. Her reaction when Freddy fails to find her a cab is â€Å"Do you expect us to go and get one ourselves? â€Å"(Act 1) She is impatient and completely dependent on others. However, lower down in social status in Liza who is a complete contrast. She is witty and strong. She encourages the gentleman by telling him to â€Å"cheer up; and buy a flower off a poor girl. † Unlike Clara she is very independent which is also shown in Act two when she asks Higgins for lesson. In this case Higgins main belief is that Liza's accent can change her status. Higgins' is, of course, extremely biased. He believes that † a woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no right to be anywhere† (Act 1). He represents a side to society, which many people may outwardly oppose, but internally agree with. He believes that Liza's English â€Å"will keep her in the gutter to the end of her days† (Act 1) It is his conviction that the key to social status is accent. Higgins' has a higher social status than Liza, so disapproves of her accent. The contrast of Liza and Higgins' expression and pronunciation shows how Shaw has introduced society and language in Pygmalion. Liza's coarse and broad cockney accent can be difficult to represent without the phonetic alphabet. She asks, â€Å"Ow, eez ye-ooa san, is e? â€Å"(Act 1) meaning ‘oh he's your son, is he? ‘ This is a complete conflict with Higgins â€Å"resorting to the most thrillingly beautiful low tones†(Act 1. ) The imaginably high-pitched shrieks, â€Å"Ah-ah-ah-ow-ow-oo,† of Liza's expression supports Higgins' theory that a cockney accent is less widely accepted. The contrast in pronunciation represents the contrast in social status. The variety of accents and expressions is also evident in the humour from the different social classes. Shaw uses humour to introduce society and language by concentrating their humour on their circumstances. The audience can see this through Liza and Higgins. When Liza becomes annoyed with Higgins she exclaims, â€Å"Don't be so saucy. † When Higgins is asked about Liza he jokes â€Å"put her in the dustbin†. Both these remarks are very comical. Higgins and Liza use many of the same techniques in their humour as they are obvious, rude, witty and smart mouthed. However, the majority of their humour is based around their status. Liza is comical about her desperation for money and her ignorance of higher classes. She cries, â€Å"I've never took off all my clothes before. It's not right. † She doesn't understand any other way of living, but her own. However, Higgins' source of humour originates from his high status, and good education. He amuses other characters and the audience by assessing where they are from. He boasts, â€Å"your mother's Epsom, unmistakeably. † His irritating intelligence complicates civil situations. Higgins' also uses sarcasm and continually mocks those of a lower class, again portraying his narrow-mindedness. He exclaims, â€Å"Shall we ask this baggage to sit down or throw her out the window,†(Act 2). He is purposely rude and unlike with his own class, he fails to be courteous and apologize. Higgins' is portrayed as a cheeky, yet charming character. He makes the most iconoclastic, scandalous statements, but all with such wit and humour that the audience cannot help but find his ideas attractive. In the same way, Alfred Dolittle's tactics of persuasion and lack of morals are humorous. He describes Liza by saying â€Å"in the light of a young woman, she's a fine handsome girl. As a daughter, she's not worth her keep† (Act 2). He will happily exchange his daughter for money, using light-hearted, humorous language. Freddy's humour is based around a much more simple situation, but still reflects his status. The woman left him â€Å"with a cab on my hands! Damnation! † His dilemma is laughed at and not with. The fact he orders a cab and then becomes frustrated that he has one, shows the insignificant problems of the higher class compared to the poorer classes. Therefore, Bernard Shaw introduces his ideas about society and language in the first two acts by investigating the different aspects of the characters class and status. He develops his image of society by portraying the clear boundaries which separate class through characters, accent and expression, and humour. Through the prejudices which are displayed, Shaw delivers the subtle message that inside we are all the same, just as Liza believes that her â€Å"character is the same to me as any lady's† (Act 1). Shaw begins to use the characters, their lives, attitudes and language to reflect Society's intolerance and discrimination.

King Lear Essay

Similar to real life, characters in books and plays have significant flaws. The way those flaws play a part in the character’s life is what sets them apart. The misguided actions and flaws of a character eventually lead to their demise. Shakespeare’s tragedy King Lear is a detailed description of the consequences of one man’s poor decisions. The man is Lear, King of England, whose decision to divide his kingdom based on which of his children most love him greatly alter his life and the lives of those around him. Shakespeare shows us how one flaw in an otherwise normal person can lead to their ultimate demise. According to critic Northrop Frye, â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape that they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them, great trees more likely to be struck by lightning that a clump of grass. Conductors may of course be instruments as well as victims of the divisive lightning. † Based on Frye’s criticism about tragic heroes, the character King Lear is the perfect example. In Frye’s words â€Å"Tragic heroes are so much the highest points in their human landscape,† refers to the tragic hero being the one that stands out amongst the other characters. The tragic hero doesn’t see the problem he creates or is given to him which makes him the tragic hero. In Shakespeare’s King Lear, Lear is the tragic hero because he doesn’t see the problems he created by dividing the kingdom amongst his daughters. Lear is a high point in the human landscape just because he is the king in the very beginning making him far more important than the other characters. From the very first act the readers can see blindness he has towards love and loyalty. He chooses to divide the kingdom based on love and when he is oblivious to the real love of Cordelia and Kent he banishes them. Throughout the play, and from act one, Lear is surrounded by, a compliment of people that love him dearly, people who would gladly sacrifice their lives for him. He turns on most, if not every single one of these people, and when he really starts to lose sanity, things only go from bad to worse. Therefore Lear’s status and tragic flaw set him apart from the rest of the characters making him the tragic hero that Frye describes. As stated by Frye â€Å"they seem the inevitable conductors of the power about them,† is criticizing the inevitability of events. The characters unknowingly put themselves in a situation where they have nowhere to go but down. Lear exemplifies this exact quality of unintentionally put himself in danger, when he wished to divide the kingdom based on love. Lear did not think before deciding to split the kingdom into three equal parts. Since he didn’t do he brought strife between the daughters. Also the fact that who he thought loved him the most turned out to be two daughters that just had greed for power and fortune, adds to the argument. Lear started out with good intentions, but when he chooses love as a way to divide the kingdom. He was inevitable set up to failure. Lear was a foolish old man, who thought the idea of dividing his kingdom up among his three daughters according to who said she loved him most would flatter his ego. However he did not know how events would play out in the end. Lear’s inevitability of failure is what causes him to be the perfect example of a tragic hero. Finally Frye comments on the way characters inadvertently cause the suffering of others and himself. His comments are â€Å"great trees [are] more likely to be struck by lightning than a clump of grass. Conductors may of course by instruments as well as victims of the divisive lightning. † The mistakes of Lear are not just the suffering of one man but the suffering of everyone down the chain. Lear’s decisions have caused Kent and Cordelia to say things Lear does not want to hear, getting them banished. Another person to be hurt by Lear is Gloucester, who loses his status and eyes. Lear is the instrument in that he causes other people suffering. However he is also a victim to his actions and the great tragedy that is the lightning. All of the pain that Lear suffered is traced back to the single most important error that he made; the choice to give up his throne. This one mistake has proven to have massive effects upon Lear and the lives of those around him eventually killing almost all of those who were involved. Since Lear is the cause of so much suffering, he fits Frys’e description of a tragic hero well. Lear’s extremely arrogant pride supplies him the strength and confidence to rule kingdom, but at the same time blinds him from recognizing true love and loyalty. That is the tragic â€Å"flaw† which eventually costs him both his ingdom and his beloved daughter, the only one of the three who loved him as a father, and the only daughter who cared about a jealous, foolish, and impulsive old man. According to Frye’s description of a tragic hero Lear fits the description perfectly. The tragic demeanor of the play and the tragic hero adds to the travesty at the end. Everyone ends up dying without salvation or redemption. The bitterness, sadness, and reality of the human psyche that is contained throughout this work demonstrate its tragic nature best, however. Shakespeare puts a mess across about thinking before you act because the people around you will be affected.

The Use Of Genetic Engineering On Agriculture And Food...

Introduction : The use of genetic engineering techniques in agriculture and food production is seen as an exciting and valuable development by many people who welcome the improvements in production efficiency that they offer to farmers and the enhanced nutritional value that is envisioned to benefit consumers. Others, however, are objecting strongly, raising environmental, food safety, and ethical concerns. A majority of people in Western Europe, Japan and Australia, for example, want at least to have labels on products that contain genetically modified organisms (GMOs), while the most extreme opponents want to see genetically modified (GM) crops completely excluded from production and consumption in their country. Background for GMO debate : ï‚ § Need to feed growing world population and lack of progress in eradicating hunger. ï‚ § Food crisis in recent years ï‚ § Food production increasingly affected by climate change GMOs to have beneficial impact on development would need to benefit in particular smallholder farmers in developing countries. GMOs in developing countries : ï‚ § 2011 : 160 mio hectares cultivated with GM crops in 29 countries; half of that area in developing countries ï‚ § Four varieties (soy, maize, cotton, canola) dominate global market ï‚ § Two main traits : GM crops with insecticide effect (BT, only maize and cotton) and with herbicide tolerance (HT, all four crops) Potential economic impact of GMOs - a debate ï‚ § Increased yield ï‚ § Improved resistance to pestsShow MoreRelatedGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering of food is one of the most controversial issues facing the universe today. 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